Multi-waveguide LED luminaire with outward emission

ABSTRACT

A luminaire comprises a frame and a plurality of optical waveguides retained by the frame. The optical waveguides bound a cavity, and each comprises: a top end and a bottom end opposite the top end; a coupling portion disposed at the top end; an inner side facing the cavity; and an outer side opposite the inner side. The inner and outer sides are disposed between the top and bottom ends. The luminaire further comprises at least one light emitting diode (LED) associated with each optical waveguide. Each of the LEDs are disposed opposite, and configured to direct light into, the coupling portion of the associated optical waveguide. Each optical waveguide is configured to receive the light via the coupling portion and emit the light primarily from the outer side.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/583,415, entitled “Outdoor and/or Enclosed Structure LED Luminaire”, filed Dec. 26, 2014, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/922,017, filed Dec. 30, 2013, entitled “Optical Waveguide Bodies and Luminaires Utilizing Same”, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/005,955, filed May 30, 2014, entitled “Parking Structure LED Light”, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/009,039, filed Jun. 6, 2014, entitled “Parking Structure LED Light”, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/005,965, filed May 30, 2014, entitled “Luminaire Utilizing Waveguide”, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/025,436, filed Jul. 16, 2014, entitled “Luminaire Utilizing Waveguide”, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/025,905, filed Jul. 17, 2014, entitled “Luminaire Utilizing Waveguide”. The present application further comprises a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/842,521, filed Mar. 15, 2013, entitled “Optical Waveguides”, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,519,095B2, and further comprises a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/839,949, filed Mar. 15, 2013, entitled “Optical Waveguide and Lamp Including Same”, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,581,751B2, and further comprises a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/840,563, filed Mar. 15, 2013, entitled “Optical Waveguide and Luminaire Incorporating Same”, now U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/436,969B2, and further comprises a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/938,877, filed Jul. 10, 2013, entitled “Optical Waveguide and Luminaire Incorporating Same”, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,389,367B2, and further comprises a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/101,086, filed Dec. 9, 2013, entitled “Optical Waveguides and Luminaires Incorporating Same”, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,690,029B2, and further comprises a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/101,099, filed Dec. 9, 2013, entitled “Optical Waveguide Assembly and Light Engine Including Same”, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,411,086B2, and further comprises a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/101,129, filed Dec. 9, 2013, entitled “Simplified Low Profile Module With Light Guide For Pendant, Surface Mount, Wall Mount and Stand Alone Luminaires”, now U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/234,616B2, and further comprises a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/101,051, filed Dec. 9, 2013, entitled “Optical Waveguide and Lamp including Same”, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,366,396B2, and further comprises a continuation-in-part of International Application No, PCT/US14/13937, filed Jan. 30, 2014, entitled “Optical Waveguide Bodies and Luminaires Utilizing Same”, and further comprises a continuation-in-part of International Application No. PCT/US14/13931, filed Jan. 30, 2014, entitled “Optical Waveguides and Luminaires Incorporating Same”, and further comprises a continuation-in-part of International Application No. PCT/US14/30017, filed Mar. 15, 2014, entitled “Optical Waveguide Body”, and further comprises a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/462,426, filed Aug. 18, 2014, entitled “Outdoor and Enclosed Structure LED Luminaire for General Illumination Applications, Such as Parking Lots and Structures”, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,379,278, and further comprises a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/462,391, filed Aug. 18, 2014, entitled “Optical Components for Luminaire”, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,513,424B2, and further comprises a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/462,322, filed Aug. 18, 2014, entitled “Flood Optic”, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,632,295B2, and further comprises a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/292,778, filed May 30, 2014, entitled “Optical Waveguide Bodies and Luminaires Utilizing Same”, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,366,799B2, and further comprises a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/485,609, filed Sep. 12, 2014, entitled “Luminaire Utilizing Waveguide”, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,952,372B2, and further comprises a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/577,730, filed Dec. 19, 2014, entitled “Optical Waveguide Bodies and Luminaires Utilizing Same”, all owned by the assignee of the present application, and the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF DISCLOSURE

The present subject matter relates to general illumination lighting, and more particularly, to outdoor and/or enclosed structure luminaries usable, for example, in parking lots and structures.

BACKGROUND

Large areas of open space, such as a parking lot or deck of a parking garage, require sufficient lighting to allow for safe travel of vehicles and persons through the space at all times including periods of reduced natural lighting such as nighttime, rainy, or foggy weather conditions. A luminaire for an outdoor parking lot or covered parking deck must illuminate a large area of space in the vicinity of the luminaire while controlling glare so as not to distract drivers. Still further, such a luminaire should be universal in the sense that the luminaire can be mounted in various enclosed and non-enclosed locations, on poles or on a surface (such as a garage ceiling), and preferably present a uniform appearance

Furthermore, the luminaire used to illuminate a parking lot or structure must be of sturdy construction to withstand wind and other forces and to resist weathering yet be light enough to allow for ease of installation. Additionally, such a luminaire should be aesthetically pleasing. Advances in light emitting diode (LED) technology have resulted in wide adoption of luminaries that incorporate such devices. While LEDs can be used alone to produce light without the need for supplementary optical devices, it has been found that optical modifiers, such as lenses, reflectors, optical waveguides, and combinations thereof, can significantly improve illumination distribution for particular applications.

An optical waveguide mixes and directs light emitted by one or more light sources, such as one or more LEDs. A typical optical waveguide includes three main components: one or more coupling elements, one or more distribution elements, and one or more extraction elements. The coupling component(s) direct light into the distribution element(s), and condition the light to interact with the subsequent components. The one or more distribution elements control how light flows through the waveguide and is dependent on the waveguide geometry and material. The extraction element(s) determine how light is removed by controlling where and in what direction the light exits the waveguide.

When designing a coupling optic, the primary considerations are: maximizing the efficiency of light transfer from the source into the waveguide; controlling the location of light injected into the waveguide; and controlling the angular distribution of the light in the coupling optic. One way of controlling the spatial and angular spread of injected light is by fitting each source with a dedicated lens. These lenses can be disposed with an air gap between the lens and the coupling optic, or may be manufactured from the same piece of material that defines the waveguide's distribution element(s). Discrete coupling optics allow numerous advantages such as higher efficiency coupling, controlled overlap of light flux from the sources, and angular control of how the injected light interacts with the remaining elements of the waveguide. Discrete coupling optics use refraction, total internal reflection, and surface or volume scattering to control the distribution of light injected into the waveguide.

After light has been coupled into the waveguide, it must be guided and conditioned to the locations of extraction. The simplest example is a fiber-optic cable, which is designed to transport light from one end of the cable to another with minimal loss in between. To achieve this, fiber optic cables are only gradually curved and sharp bends in the waveguide are avoided. In accordance with well-known principles of total internal reflectance light traveling through a waveguide is reflected back into the waveguide from an outer surface thereof, provided that the incident light does not exceed a critical angle with respect to the surface. Specifically, the light rays continue to travel through the waveguide until such rays strike an index interface surface at a particular angle less than an angle measured with respect to a line normal to the surface point at which the light rays are incident (or, equivalently, until the light rays exceed an angle measured with respect to a line tangent to the surface point at which the light rays are incident) and the light rays escape.

In order for an extraction element to remove light from the waveguide, the light must first contact the feature comprising the element. By appropriately shaping the waveguide surfaces, one can control the flow of light across the extraction feature(s). Specifically, selecting the spacing, shape, and other characteristic(s) of the extraction features affects the appearance of the waveguide, its resulting distribution, and efficiency.

Hulse U.S. Pat. No. 5,812,714 discloses a waveguide bend element configured to change a direction of travel of light from a first direction to a second direction. The waveguide bend element includes a collector element that collects light emitted from a light source and directs the light into an input face of the waveguide bend element. Light entering the bend element is reflected internally along an outer surface and exits the element at an output face. The outer surface comprises beveled angular surfaces or a curved surface oriented such that most of the light entering the bend element is internally reflected until the light reaches the output face

Parker et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,613,751 discloses a light emitting panel assembly that comprises a transparent light emitting panel having a light input surface, a light transition area, and one or more light sources. Light sources are preferably' embedded or bonded in the light transition area to eliminate any air gaps, thus reducing light loss and maximizing the emitted light. The light transition area may include reflective and/or refractive surfaces around and behind each light source to reflect and/or refract and focus the light more efficiently through the light transition area into the light input surface of the light-emitting panel. A pattern of light extracting deformities, or any change in the shape or geometry of the panel surface, and/or coating that causes a portion of the light to be emitted, may be provided on one or both sides of the panel members. A variable pattern of deformities may break up the light rays such that the internal angle of reflection of a portion of the light rays will be great enough to cause the light rays either to be emitted out of the panel or reflected back through the panel and emitted out of the other side.

Shipman U.S. Pat. No. 3,532,871 discloses a combination running light reflector having two light sources, each of which, when illuminated, develops light that is directed onto a polished surface of a projection. The light is reflected onto a cone-shaped reflector. The light is transversely reflected into a main body and impinges on prisms that direct the light out of the main body.

Simon U.S. Pat. No. 5,897,201 discloses various embodiments of architectural lighting that is distributed from contained radially collimated light. A quasi-point source develops light that is collimated in a radially outward direction and exit means of distribution optics direct the collimated light out of the optics.

Kelly et al. U.S. Pat. No. 8,430,548 discloses light fixtures that use a variety of light sources, such as an incandescent bulb, a fluorescent tube and multiple LEDs. A volumetric diffuser controls the spatial luminance uniformity and angular spread of light from the light fixture. The volumetric diffuser includes one or more regions of volumetric light scattering particles. The volumetric diffuser may be used in conjunction with a waveguide to extract light.

Dau et al U.S. Pat. No. 8,506,112 discloses illumination devices having multiple light emitting elements, such as LEDs disposed in a row. A collimating optical element receives light developed by the LEDs and a light guide directs the collimated light from the optical element to an optical extractor, which extracts the light.

A.L.P. Lighting Components, Inc. of Niles, Ill., manufactures a waveguide having a wedge shape with a thick end, a narrow end, and two main faces therebetween. Pyramid-shaped extraction features are formed on both main faces. The wedge waveguide is used as an exit sign such that the thick end of the sign is positioned adjacent a ceiling and the narrow end extends downwardly. Light enters the waveguide at the thick end and is directed down and away from the waveguide by the pyramid-shaped extraction features.

Low-profile LED-based luminaries have recently been developed (e.g., General Electric's ET series panel troffers) that utilize a string of LED components directed into the edge of a waveguiding element (an “edge-lit” approach). However, such luminaries typically suffer from low efficiency due to losses inherent in coupling light emitted from a predominantly Lambertian emitting source such as a LED component into the narrow edge of a waveguide plane.

Smith U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,083,313 and 7,520,650 disclose a light direction device for use with LEDs. In one embodiment, the light direction device includes a plurality of opposing collimators disposed about a plurality of LEDs on one side of the device. Each collimator collimates light developed by the LEDs and directs the collimated light through output surfaces of the collimators toward angled reflectors disposed on a second side opposite the first side of the device. The collimated light reflects off the reflectors and out of the device from the one side perpendicular thereto. In another embodiment, the collimators are integral with a waveguide having reflective surfaces disposed on a second side of the waveguide, and the collimated light is directed toward the reflective surfaces. The light incident on the reflective surfaces is directed. from the one side of the device, as in the one embodiment.

SUMMARY

According to one embodiment, a luminaire for use in lighting a large open space such as a parking lot or deck of a parking garage includes a plurality of optical waveguides disposed in side-by-side relationship and together defining a closed path. At least one LED associated with each optical waveguide is disposed at a first end of the associated optical waveguide.

According to another embodiment, a luminaire includes a main frame and a plurality of optical waveguides disposed in the main frame. Each optical waveguide includes first and second opposite waveguide ends, a coupling portion disposed at the first waveguide end, and a light emitting portion disposed between the first and second waveguide ends. At least one waveguide is disposed at an angle relative to at least one other waveguide. The coupling portions of the waveguides are disposed adjacent a first luminaire end, and the second waveguide ends are disposed adjacent a second luminaire end opposite the first luminaire end. At least one LED elements is associated with each optical waveguide.

According to yet another embodiment, a luminaire comprises a main frame having a plurality of receptacles and a plurality of optical waveguides disposed in the receptacles of the main frame in side-by-side relationship wherein the optical waveguides are all of substantially the same size and shape. A gasket frame has a peripheral recess and upper and lower gaskets and a plurality of optical coupling portions is disposed in the recess of the gasket frame wherein each optical coupling portion is associated with and is adapted to direct light into an associated optical waveguide. A plurality of LEDs is associated with each optical coupling portion and is disposed in the recess of the gasket frame and adapted to direct light into associated optical coupling portion. A circuit element interconnects the plurality of LEDs and is disposed in the recess of the gasket frame. A cover plate is disposed on the main frame such that the gasket frame is disposed therebetween and such that the upper and lower gaskets seal against the cover plate and the main frame, respectively.

Other aspects and advantages will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description and the attached drawings wherein like numerals designate like structures throughout the specification.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an isometric view from below of an embodiment of a luminaire with an illumination sensor omitted therefrom;

FIG. 2 is an isometric view from above of an embodiment of a luminaire;

FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken generally along the lines 3-3 of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is an exploded view of the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2;

FIG. 5 is an isometric view of the main frame of FIGS. 1 and 2;

FIG. 6 is a sectional view of the main frame taken generally along the lines 6-6 of FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a an isometric view from above of the auxiliary frame of FIGS. 1 and 2;

FIG. 8 is a sectional view taken generally along the lines 8-8 of FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 is a an isometric view from below of the auxiliary frame of FIG. 7;

FIG. 10 is an isometric front view of one of the optical waveguides and coupling members of the luminaire of FIGS. 1 and 2;

FIG. 11 is an isometric rear view of one of the optical waveguides and coupling members of the luminaire of FIGS. 1 and 2;

FIG. 11A is an enlarged, fragmentary view of the optical waveguide of FIG. 11;

FIG. 12 is a sectional view taken generally along the lines 12-12 of FIG. 10;

FIGS. 12A and 12B are enlarged, fragmentary views of the coupling member of FIG. 10;

FIG. 12C is a an enlarged, fragmentary sectional view of the optical waveguide of FIG. 10;

FIG. 13 is exploded view of an alternative embodiment of a luminaire;

FIG. 13A is an isometric view of an alternative embodiment of the auxiliary frame of FIG. 13;

FIGS. 14 and 14A are isometric views of embodiments of junction box mountable luminaries;

FIG. 15 is an isometric view of an embodiment of a pendant or pole mounted luminaire;

FIG. 16 is an isometric vie of a embodiment of a pendant mounted luminaire with a bird guard;

FIGS. 17 and 18 are top and bottom isometric views, respectively, of an embodiment of a post mounted luminaire;

FIGS. 19-21 are bottom isometric views of embodiments of multiple post mounted luminaries; and

FIG. 22 is an illumination distribution produced by the luminaire of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As shown in FIGS. 1-4, disclosed herein is a luminaire 100 for general lighting, more particularly, for illumination of an open space and, specifically, a parking lot or parking deck of a garage. The luminaire 100 comprises a housing 102 that includes support structures (discussed hereinafter) by which the luminaire 100 can be supported. A first plurality of optical waveguides 104 a-104 d is disposed on and supported by the housing 102. A second plurality of light emitting diode elements or modules (LED's) 105 is supported by the housing 102 as noted in greater detail hereinafter.

Each LED element or module 105 (FIGS. 3 and 4) may be a single white or other color LED chip or other bare component, or each may comprise multiple LEDs either mounted separately or together on a single substrate or package to form a module including, for example, at least one phosphor-coated LED either alone or in combination with at least one color LED, such as a green LED, a yellow LED, a red LED, etc. In those cases where a soft White illumination with improved color rendering is to be produced, each LED element or module 105 or a plurality of such elements or modules may include one or more blue shifted yellow LEDs and one or more red LEDs. The LEDs 105 may be disposed in different configurations and/or layouts as desired. Different color temperatures and appearances could be produced using other LED combinations, as is known in the art. In one embodiment, the light source comprises any LED, for example, an MT-G LED incorporating TrueWhite® LED technology or as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/649,067, filed Oct. 10, 2012, entitled “LED Package with Multiple Element Light Source and Encapsulant Having Planar Surfaces” by Lowes et al., now U.S. Pat. No. 9,818,919B2, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. If desirable, a side emitting LED disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,541,795, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein, may be utilized. In some embodiments, each LED element or module 105 may comprise one or more LEDs disposed within a coupling cavity with an air gap being disposed between the LED element or module 105 and a light input surface. In any of the embodiments disclosed herein each of the LED element(s) or module(s) 105 preferably have a lambertian or near-lambertian light distribution, although each may have a directional emission distribution (e.g., a side emitting distribution), as necessary or desirable. More generally, any lambertian, symmetric, wide angle, preferential-sided, or asymmetric beam pattern LED element(s) or module(s) may be used as the light source.

Each waveguide 104 may have any suitable shape, and the shapes of the waveguides 104 may be different from one another or substantially identical. For example, a first subset less than all of the waveguides 104 may be substantially identical to one another, and some or all of the remaining waveguides 104 comprising a second subset may be different than the waveguides of the first subset. In this latter case, the waveguides of the second subset may be substantially identical to each other or some or all may be different from one another. Any combination of substantially identical and/or different waveguides 104 that develop identical or different light illumination distributions is contemplated. Also, although four waveguides 104 are illustrated in the FIGS., a different number of waveguides could be used, as noted in greater detail hereinafter. In some embodiments, two or more waveguides may be disposed at an angle α (FIG. 4) relative to one another. In one such embodiment, the angle α may be approximately 90 degrees. In another embodiment, the angle α may be greater or less than 90 degrees to produce a desired distribution. Still further, the material(s) of the waveguides 104 preferably comprise optical grade materials that exhibit TIR characteristics including, but not limited to, one or more of acrylic, air, polycarbonate, molded silicone, glass, and/or cyclic olefin copolymers, and combinations thereof, possibly in a layered arrangement, to achieve a desired effect and/or appearance. Preferably, although not necessarily, the waveguides 104 are all solid or some or all have one or more voids or discrete bodies of differing materials therein. The waveguides 104 may be fabricated using procedures such as hot embossing or molding, including injection/compression molding. Other manufacturing methods may be used as desired.

Referring also to FIGS. 5-9, the housing 102 has at least one, and, more preferably, four support brackets 106 a-106 d that extend diagonally between opposite corners 108 a, 108 c and 108 b, 108 d. The support brackets 106 support an open central enclosure 110. Operating circuitry 112 is disposed and retained in the central enclosure 110. Any of the embodiments disclosed herein may include operating circuitry 112 comprising a power circuit having a buck regulator, a boost regulator, a buck-boost regulator, a SEPIC power supply, or the like, and may comprise a driver circuit as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/291,829, filed May 30, 2014, entitled “High Efficiency Driver Circuit with Fast Response” by Hu et al, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,791,110B2 or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/292,001, filed May 30, 2014, entitled “SEPIC Driver Circuit with Low Input Current Ripple” by Hu et al., now U.S. Pat. No. 9,303,823B2, incorporated by reference herein. An infrared or other sensor 113 (FIG. 18) may be supported in a lower opening 110 a (FIG. 1) of the enclosure 110 and may comprise a part of the operating circuitry 112. The sensor 113 may be provided to cause the balance of the operating circuitry to energize or vary the illumination level of the luminaire 100 in accordance with sensed ambient light levels.

In the illustrated embodiment, the housing 102 comprises a main frame 114 having channeled receptacles 116 a-116 d that receive the waveguides 104 a-104 d, respectively. Preferably, although not necessarily, the waveguides 104 a-104 d are all substantially, if not entirely, identical to one another, as are the channeled receptacles 116, and hence, only the waveguide 104 a and receptacle 116 a will be described in detail herein. Also preferably, each waveguide 104 is disposed at equal or unequal angles with respect to adjacent waveguides 104 to define a partially or entirely closed path so that light is distributed at least partially about the path. As seen in FIG. 10, the waveguide 104 a includes an enlarged tapered portion 104 a-1 adjacent a first or top end 104 a-2. The waveguide 104 a further includes a second or bottom end 104 a-3 and side edge portions 104 a-4 and 104 a-5. Referring to FIG. 11, a light emitting portion 104 a-6 is disposed between the portion 104 a-1 and end 104 a-3. The light emitting portion 104 a-6 includes a plurality of light extraction features 104 a-7 disposed on or in a first or rear surface 104 a-8 opposite a second or front surface 104 a-9. It should be noted that the light extraction features 104 a-7 may be irregularly spaced or some may be regularly spaced and others irregularly spaced, etc. In the illustrated embodiment, the plurality of light extraction features 104 a-7 includes a first set of features 104 a-10 (FIG. 12) that are relatively large and widely spaced and disposed at an upper portion of the waveguide 104 a relatively nearer the tapered portion 104 a-1. Each of the extraction features 104 a-10 may be generally of the Shape disclosed in International Application Serial No. PCT/US14/13937, filed Jan. 30, 2014, entitled “Optical Waveguide Bodies and Luminaires Utilizing Same”, owned by the assignee of the present application and the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. As seen in FIG. 12, each feature 104 a-10 comprises an elongate wedge-shaped channel or groove 104 a-11 disposed adjacent an elongate wedge-shaped ridge or protrusion 104 a-12, both of which preferably extend partially between the side edge portions 104 a-4 and 104 a-5 transversely (preferably, although not necessarily, perpendicularly) with respect thereto, and which have an intermediate surface therebetween such that the channel or groove 104 a-11 abuts a first end of the intermediate surface and the wedge-shaped ridge or protrusion 104 a-12 abuts a second end of the intermediate surface. The wedge-shaped channel 104 a-11 includes an extraction surface 104 a-11 a formed at an angle θ (FIG. 11A) relative to the rear surface 104 a-8. The angle θ may be constant, vary throughout the length of the extraction feature 104 a-10, vary throughout the group of extraction features 104 a-10, and/or vary throughout the groups of extraction features 104 a-10, 104 a-13, 104 a-14, and/or 104 a-15 described below. In some embodiments, the angle varies between about 25° and about 40°. Also preferably, although not necessarily, the channels and ridges of each feature 104 a-10 are parallel to each other and to other channels and ridges of other features 104 a-10.

The features 104 a-7 further include three further groups of features 104 a-13, 104 a-14, and 104 a-15 that progressively become smaller in size and more closely spaced together with distance from the upper end of the waveguide 104 a. The features 104 a-10, 104 a-13, 104 a-14, and 104 a-15 define four segments with differing inter-feature angles α (FIG. 11A) that further improve light intensity uniformity and the latter three groups 104 a-13 through 104 a-15 are disposed nearer the second end 104 a-3 of the waveguide 104 a than the group 104 a-10. As seen in FIG. 12, the back surface 104 a-8 between each extraction feature 104 a-7 defines an inter-feature angle γ relative to a line parallel to a line LL normal to an edge 104 a-27 at the first end 104 a-2 of the waveguide 104. In some embodiments, the inter-feature angle γ may range between about 0.5° and about 5°. In one example embodiment, the inter-feature angles γ of groups 104 a-10, 104 a-13, 104 a-14, and 104 a-15 may be 1°, 2°, 3°, and 4°, respectively. Similar to group 104 a-10, each feature of the groups 104 a-13 and 104 a-14 include an elongate wedge-shaped channel or group similar to channel 104 a-11 disposed adjacent an elongate wedge-shaped ridge or protrusion similar to ridge 104 a-12, both of which preferably extend partially between the side edge portions 104 a-4 and 104 a-5 transversely (preferably, although not necessarily, perpendicularly) with respect thereto, and further a similar intermediate surface is disposed between the channel and the ridge such that the channel or groove abuts a first end of the intermediate surface and the wedge-shaped ridge or protrusion abuts a second end of the intermediate surface. Also preferably, although not necessarily, the channels and ridges of each feature 104 a-13 and 104 a-14 are parallel to each other and to other channels and ridges of other features 104 a-10, 104 a-13, and 104 a-15. Group 104 a-15 includes wedge-shaped channels 104 a-16 seen in FIG. 12, that preferably extend partially between the side edge portions 104 a-4 and 104 a-5 transversely (preferably, although not necessarily, perpendicularly) with respect thereto. Further, the channels 104 a-16 are preferably, although not necessarily, parallel to one another and parallel to the channels and ridges of each feature 104 a-10. The features 104 a-7 recycle at least some of the light that would otherwise escape out the rear surface 104 a-8 of the waveguide 104 a back into the waveguide 104 a. The features 104 a-7 are disposed at varying pitches (i.e., spacings), and/or have varying sizes, and define differing inter-feature angle segments so that light of substantially uniform intensity is emitted out the front surface 104 a-9.

Referring to FIGS. 12 and 12C, the waveguide 104 a further includes scalloped features 104 a-17 disposed on or in the front surface 104 a-9 and an end light extraction feature 104 a-18 disposed adjacent the bottom end 104 a-3. The end light extraction feature 104 a-18 includes an elongate wedge-shaped protrusion 104 a-19 disposed in or on the rear surface 104 a-8 wherein the protrusion 104 a-19 includes a downwardly directed rounded crest portion 104 a-20. The end light extraction feature 104 a-18 further includes an elongate wedge-shaped channel 104 a-21 disposed on or in the front surface 104 a-9. Preferably, the scalloped features 104 a-17 and the wedge-shaped channel 104 a-21 are parallel to the wedge-shaped protrusion 104 a-19 and at least a portion of the channel 104 a-21 is disposed within the top-to-bottom extent of the protrusion 104 a-19. Still further, the scalloped features 104 a-17, the protrusion 104 a-19, and the channel 104 a-21 preferably extend transversely (and, more preferably perpendicular) with respect to but do not extend fully between the side edge portions 104 a-4 and 104 a-5 such that side flanges 104 a-22 and 104 a-23 are defined adjacent the side edge portions 104 a-4 and 104 a-5, respectively. Further, bottom rear and front surfaces 104 a-24, 104 a-25 defining a flange extend below the end light extraction feature 104 a-18 from the rear and front surfaces 104 a-8, 104 a-9, respectively. The waveguide 104 a may have a slight concave curvature from top to bottom (as seen from the outside of the luminaire 100) to increase light distribution size as compared to a waveguide with no curvature. Additionally, the second or front surface 104 a-9 may form an angle β relative to a line parallel to the line LL normal to the edge 104 a-27 at the first end 104 a-2 of the waveguide 104 as shown in FIG. 12. Further, the waveguide 104 a is also tapered from top to bottom to maximize the possibility that light traveling through the waveguide 104 a exits the waveguide during a single pass therethrough. To that end the end light extraction feature 104 a-18 further ensures that light is extracted at the end of a single pass and, as seen. in FIG. 12B, the feature 104 a-18 causes a portion of the extracted light to be directed downwardly and a portion to be directed out of the front surface 104 a-25. This “ray split” feature allows a separate or overmolded bottom frame member (described hereinafter) to be used without optical efficiency losses related to the absorption of light into the bottom frame member.

Pixelization (i.e., the ability to image individual light sources) is minimized by preferably providing a series of discrete optical features comprising curved indentations or protrusions 104 a-26 (otherwise referred to as “fish-scale” features) disposed in a linear array above or below some or all of the light extraction features 104 a-7, as seen in FIG. 11A.

The channeled receptacle 116 a includes spaced side walls 116 a-1, 116 a-2 and 116 a-3, 116 a-4 defining opposed side channels 116 a-5 and 116 a-6, an upstanding bottom wall 116 a-7 in part defining a bottom frame member, a base surface 116 a-8, and surfaces 116 a-9 through 116 a-12 together defining a tapered top opening 116 a-13 extending through a corresponding side member 121 a of the main frame 114. During assembly, the bottom end 104 a-3 of the waveguide 104 a is inserted into the tapered top opening 116 a-13 of the channeled receptacle 116 a such that the side flanges 104 a-22 and 104 a-23 enter the opposed side channels 116 a-5 and 116 a-6, respectively. The waveguide 104 a is further inserted into the channeled receptacle 116 a until tapered lower surfaces 104 a-24 and 104 a-25 of the enlarged tapered portion 104 a-1 are seated against tapered shoulder surfaces 116 a-10 and 116 a-11 of the surfaces 116 a-9 and 116 a-12 defining the tapered top opening 116 a-13. At this time, the bottom end 104 a-3 is disposed adjacent the upstanding bottom wall 116 a-7 and, preferably, although not necessarily, the bottom end 104-3 contacts the base surface 116 a-8.

The remaining waveguides 104 b, 104 c, and 104 d include corresponding elements 104 b-1 through 104 b-25, 104 c-1 through 104 c-25, and 104 d-1 through 104 d-25, respectively, that are substantially similar or identical to the elements 104 a-1 through 104 a-25. The channeled receptacles 116 b, 116 c, and 116 d include corresponding elements 116 b-1 through 116 b-13, 116 c-1. through 116 c-13, and 116 d-1 through 116 d-13, respectively, that are substantially similar or identical to the elements 116 a-1 through 116 a-13 and that receive the waveguides 104 b, 104 c, and 104 d, respectively, in the same manner that the waveguide 104 a is received in the channeled receptacle 116 a.

In the illustrated embodiment, the waveguides 104 a-104 d are all disposed at the same, or substantially the same, elevation in the luminaire 100, although this need not be the case.

An auxiliary frame 122 is disposed on and secured to the main frame 114 after the waveguides 104 and circuitry 112 are placed into the receptacles 116 and the central enclosure 110, respectively. The auxiliary frame 122 includes an outer peripheral portion 123 having four nesting portions 124 a-124 d that are disposed in corner recesses 125 a-125 d of the main frame 114. Outer surfaces of the nesting portions 124 and inner surfaces of the corner recesses 125 are preferably, although not necessarily, complementarily shaped. The auxiliary frame 122 further includes inwardly diagonally directed arms 126 a-126 d that support a central cover portion 127. When the auxiliary frame 122 is disposed on the main frame 114 such that the nesting portions 124 extend into the corner recesses 125, the central cover portion 127 covers and encloses the central enclosure 110 and the operating circuitry 112 disposed therein. Sealing surface(s) forming a gasket 128 provides a seal between the cover portion 127 and the enclosure 110. The central cover portion 127 includes an opening 129 that allows access to the operating circuitry 110 so that utility electrical power may be connected to power supply wires as noted in greater detail hereinafter.

Referring to FIGS. 7-9, the outer peripheral portion 123 of the auxiliary frame 122 includes a plurality of channels 130 a-130 d that are aligned with the top ends 104 a-1-104 d-1 of the waveguides 104 a-104 d, respectively. The channels 130 a-130 d are substantially or completely identical and longitudinally extend partially or substantially fully between adjacent corner recesses 125. Each channel 130 extends from a first or upper face 132 and fully through the auxiliary frame 122. Lower seal members 133 a, 133 b, 134 a, 134 b, 135 a, 135 b, and 136 a, 136 b that may be integral with or separate from the auxiliary frame 122 surround each channel 130 a-130 d, respectively, at a second or lower face 137. Upper seal members 140 a, 140 h, 141 a, 141 b, 142 a, 142 b, and 143 a, 143 b that may be integral with or separate from the auxiliary frame 122 are disposed on either side of the channels 130 a-130 d at the upper face 132. Each channel 130 a-130 d includes an upper portion 151 a-151 d having a tapered portion 152 a-152 d, respectively, and a lower portion 153 a-153 d that receives a planar top end 104 a-2, 104 b-2, 104 c-2, and 104 d-2, of an associated waveguide 104 a, 104 b, 104 c, and 104 d, respectively.

As seen in FIGS. 3 and 4, the auxiliary frame 122 is secured to the main frame 114 by fasteners, such as screws 170, that extend through bores 180 in the auxiliary frame 122 into aligned threaded bores 182 in the main frame 114. A downwardly extending shouldered seal section 184 that carries the lower seal members 133 a, 133 b, 134 a, 134 b, 135 c, 135 c, and 136 a, 136 h extends into a complementarily-shaped channel 186 in the main frame such that the seal members 133 a, 133 b, 134 a, 134 b, 135 c, 135 c, and 136 a, 136 b bear and seal against the enlarged tapered portions 104 a-1, 104 h-1, 104 c-1, and 104 d-1. Further, the seal members 133 a, 133 b, 134 a, 134 b, 135 c, 1.35 c, and 136 a, 136 b bear and seal against a base surface 188 of the channel 186. Elongate optical components in the form of optical coupling members 190 a-190 d are thereafter inserted into the upper portions 151 a-151 d of the channels 130 a-130 d, respectively, into contact with the planar top ends 104 a-2, 104 b-2, 104 c-2, and 104 d-2. Referring to FIG. 4, the optical coupling members 190 may be made of the same suitable optical material, such as liquid silicone rubber, optical grade acrylic, air, polycarbonate, molded silicone, glass, and/or cyclic olefin copolymers, and combinations thereof, and are preferably (although not necessarily) substantially or completely identical to one another. Accordingly, only the optical coupling member 190 a will be described in detail. As seen in FIG. 12, the optical coupling member 190 a includes at least one refractive portion 190 a-1 and at least one, and preferably, a plurality of reflective portions 190 a-2 wherein the refractive portion(s) 190 a-1 and reflective portion(s) 190 a-2 are both disposed at an upper end 190 a-3. The optical coupling member 190 a is preferably elongate in length between first and second ends of the member 190 a and has a width transverse to and substantially smaller than the length extending between first and second sides. In other embodiments, the optical coupling member may have any other shape such as circular or rounded. For example, a plurality of rounded coupling members may be disposed adjacent a plurality of LED components. In any event, an increase in the proportion of reflected light to refracted light may result in a. desirable decrease in imaging of the light sources (i.e., the ability to see the individual light source(s) from outside of the luminaire 100). Further, the optical coupling member 190 a further includes a main body 190 a-4 having a tapered outer surface 190 a-5 terminating at a planar bottom surface 190 a-6. In one embodiment, the material of the optical coupling member 190 a is preferably somewhat sticky so that the planar bottom surface 190 a-6 adheres to and forms an optically transmissive bond with the planar top end 104 a-2 of the waveguide 104 a. In another embodiment, the optical coupling member 190 a may comprise an acrylic material such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) that is overmolded onto or otherwise optically coupled to the acrylic waveguide 104 a during fabrication. In a further embodiment, the optical coupling member 190 a and the waveguide 104 a may be fabricated as a unitary piece of a single material using procedures such as hot embossing or molding, including injection/compression molding, or other suitable methods. Further, the tapered outer surface 190 a-5 preferably, but not necessarily, contacts the tapered portion 152 a of the channel 130 a when the optical coupling member 190 a is fully inserted therein.

Preferably, the remaining optical coupling members 190 b, 190 c, and 190 d include elements 190 b-1 through 190 b-6, 190 c-1 through 190 c-6, and 190 d-1 through 190 d-6 that correspond to the elements 190 a-1 through 190 a-6, respectively and are disposed within the channels 130 b, 130 c, and 130 d in the same fashion as described above with respect to the placement of the optical coupling member 190 a in the channel 130 a with respect to the waveguide 104 a. Referring to FIG. 4, in the illustrated embodiment, at least one, and more preferably more than one, LED elements or modules 105 are mounted on exposed conductive portions 202 a-202 d of a continuous flexible circuit element in the form of a flexible conductor 203 wherein the conductor 203 is disposed atop and spans respective portions 204 a-204 d of the upper face 132 adjacent and on either sides of the channels 130 a-130 d, respectively, of the auxiliary member 122 and wherein the LED elements or modules 105 emit light toward the optical conducting members 190. The flexible circuit element may include one or more layers of aluminum and/or copper.

As seen in FIG. 4, in one embodiment, the flexible conductor 203 includes first and second ends 207, 208, respectively, and an intermediate portion 209 comprising sections 210 a, 210 b, 210 c, and 210 d separated by corner loops 211 a, 211 b, and 211 c. In the illustrated embodiment, the intermediate portion 209 extends fully' about the luminaire 100 such that the sections 210 a-210 d overlie the channels 130. Also, each of the four nesting portions 124 a-124 d is preferably hollow and the corner loops 211 a, 211 b, and 211 c are placed into the nesting portions 124 a, 124 b, and 124 c, respectively, and the ends 207, 208 are disposed adjacent the nesting portion 124 d. Corner clips 210 a-210 c are inserted into the nesting portions 124 a-124 c, respectively, and retained therein, such as by an interference or press fit, so that the loops 211 a-211 c are retained in the nesting portions 124 a-124 c and are anchored by the clips 210 a-210 c. In addition, wires 214 extend through a notch 215 in the walls defining the enclosure 110 and an aperture 216 and a channel 218 formed in the arm 126 c of the auxiliary frame 122 between the central enclosure 110 and the nesting portion 124 c where electrical connections are made to the flexible conductor 203 in any suitable fashion.

A combination cover and heat transfer member 220 is secured to the auxiliary frame 122 by fasteners, such as screws 222 that extend through apertures 224 into threaded bores 226 in the auxiliary frame 122. The cover 220 includes a downwardly directed peripheral flange 227 that overhangs a shouldered peripheral portion 228 of the auxiliary frame 122. The cover 220 is preferably made of a thermally conductive corrosion-resistant material, such as aluminum, stainless steel, or any other suitable material. As seen in FIGS. 2 and 4, the cover 220 includes inwardly directed portions 229 a-229 d that are in thermal contact with upper surfaces of the flexible conductor 203 at the sections 210 a-210 d so that heat developed by the LEDs 105 is efficiently transmitted through the flexible conductor 203 and the cover 220 to ambient surroundings. Further, when the cover 220 is secured to the auxiliary frame 122, the seal members 140, 142, 144 and 146, 148, 150 contact and seal against inner surfaces 230 of the cover 220 on either sides of the sections 210 a-210 d. The seals 140 a, 140 b, 141 a, 141 b, 142 a, 142 b, and 143 a, 143 b as well as the seals 133 a, 133 b, 134 a, 134 b, 135 c, 135 c, and 136 a, 136 b and the peripheral flange 227 provide environmental barriers preventing exposure of components to water, dust, other contaminants, etc.

Referring to FIG. 3 the optical coupling members 190 substantially collimate the primarily lambertian distribution of light developed by each LED 105 and direct such light into the waveguides 104. Specifically, FIG. 12A illustrates an embodiment that includes a single refractive portion 190 a-1 and two groups of reflective portions 190 a-2 a and 190 a-2 b. Also in the illustrated embodiment, each group of reflective portions 190 a-2 a and 190 a-2 b includes four reflective portions arranged on either side of the refractive portion 190 a-1 in an arrangement that is symmetric about a center line CL equidistant from the first and second sides of the member 190 a. The light developed by an LED element or module 105 a is incident on the refractive portion 190 a-1 and the reflective portions 190 a-2. The light incident of the refractive portion 190 a-1 is collimated and transmitted into the associated waveguide 104 a wherein the degree of collimation is determined by a number of factors, including the shape of an interface surface 240 of the refractive portion 190 a-1. Preferably, although not necessarily, the interface surface 240 is convex in shape (i.e., a center or middle portion of the surface 240 defined by the material of the coupling member 190 a is disposed closer to the LED 105 a than outer ends thereof) and further is arcuate, and, more particularly, preferably has a partial circular shape, in cross section. Still further, the reflective portion 190 a-2 comprises a plurality of ridges 242 a, 242 b, 242 c, . . . , 242N separated from one another by intervening troughs 244 a, 244 b, 244 c, . . . , 244M. Each ridge 242, for example, the ridge 242 a, is defined by an inner surface 246 parallel to the center line CL and an outer surface 248 that is inclined relative to the center line CL and that join one another at a sharp corner. As shown by the rays of FIG. 12A, the light incident on the inner surfaces 246 is refracted at the index interfaces at such surfaces and the refracted light rays travel through the material of the optical coupling member 190 a and reflect off the outer surfaces 248 according to principles of total internal reflection and are directed in a substantially collimated fashion into the associated waveguide 104 a. The degree of collimation is dependent upon a number of factors, including the geometries of the surfaces of the reflective portions 190 a-2. Also, optical efficiency and light distribution are improved by ensuring that the surfaces of the ridges meet at sharp corners. In the illustrated embodiment shown in FIGS. 10, 11, 12, and 12B, each optical coupling member 190 and waveguide 104 has the dimensions recited in the following table, it being understood that the dimensions are exemplary only and do not limit the scope of any claims herein, except as may be recited thereby, together with equivalents thereof:

TABLE 1 FIG. 12B A 8 mm B 6.5 mm C 5.38 mm D 2.78 mm F 1.18 mm G 4 mm H 2.88 mm J 2.36 mm K 2.06 mm M 1.39 mm N 0.96 mm radius of curvature FIG. 10 P 304.55 mm Q 296.80 mm R 6.35 mm S 110.63 mm FIG. 11 T 312.42 mm U 296.80 mm V 298.59 mm W 7 mm Z 28.58 mm Y 57.15 mm Z 85.73 mm AA 115.78 mm FIG. 12 AB 123.72 mm AC 0.5 degrees AD 4.0 degrees AE 2.0 degrees AF 1.0 degrees AG 0.5 degrees

Thus, light incident on the refractive portions 190 a-1 and the reflective portion 190 a-2 is collimated and directed into the waveguide 104 a. The extraction features 104 a-7 of the waveguide 104 a cause the light injected into the waveguide 104 a to exit the front surface 104 a-9 and the scalloped features 104 a-15 spread the light up and down. The remaining optical coupling members 190 b-190 d and the waveguides 104 b-104 d inject, transmit, and extract light developed by the LEDs 105 mounted on conductive portions of the sections 210 b-210 d of the flexible conductor 203 in the same fashion as the optical coupling member 190 a and the waveguide 104 a. The overall result, when the LEDs 105 are energized, is to produce a desired illumination distribution, for example, as illustrated by the simulation illumination diagram of FIG. 22. In the illustrated diagram, the distribution produced along a plane forming a 90° angle relative to two opposing waveguides 104 is shown with a dashed line. The distribution produced along a plane extending through two opposing corners 108 is shown with a solid line. A portion of the light is directed above the luminaire 100.

In further alternative embodiments, the waveguides 104 and coupling members 190 may be produced in any suitable fashion and placed into a mold and a frame may be molded about the waveguides 104 and coupling members 190. in such an embodiment the auxiliary frame 122 may not be needed.

If desired, the flexible circuit conductor 203 may include a surface 260 adjacent the LED elements or modules 105 that has a white or specular reflective coating or other member secured or otherwise applied thereto.

Referring next to FIGS. 14-21, the cover 220 is adapted to be secured to any one of various devices so that the luminaire can be suspended from a ceiling, for example, of a parking deck or garage, or the luminaire can be pendant mounted, or mounted on other devices, such as a trunnion, junction box, pole, etc. Specifically, the cover 220 is generally planar and includes a central opening 269 and a plurality (such as four) arcuate slots 270 a-270 d (FIG. 13) surrounding the central opening 269 wherein each slot 270 a-270 d has an enlarged opening 272 a-272 d, respectively. A mounting plate 274 includes a central section 276 having a central aperture 278 and a plurality of combined arcuate and radial slots 280 a-280 d that surround the central aperture 278. The mounting plate 274 further includes a plurality of tabs 282 a-282 d that is offset with respect to the remaining planar portions of the plate 274. Assuming for the sake of illustration that the luminaire is to be mounted to a junction box 290 (FIG. 14), the mounting plate 274 is mounted first to the junction box 290 with the tabs 282 a-282 d offset in a direction extending away from the junction box 290 using screws or other fasteners 292 that extend. through two or more of the combined arcuate and radial slots 280 a-280 d into threaded bores in the junction box 290. The assembled luminaire 100 is thereafter suspended by one or more sections of, for example, aircraft cable or wire rope, from the junction box 290 (FIG. 14) and electrical connections are made to the operating circuitry 112 (FIG. 4) in the central enclosure 110 using conventional wire nuts or otherwise. The wires are tucked into the junction box 290 and the luminaire 100 is then raised such that the cover 220 is located adjacent the mounting plate 274. The luminaire is then manipulated such that the offset tabs 282 a-282 d are inserted into the enlarged openings 272 a-272 d of the arcuate slots 270 a-270 d. The luminaire 100 is then turned to move the tabs 282 a-282 d out of alignment with the enlarged openings 272 a-272 d and so that the tabs 282 a-282 d are disposed under sections 296 a-296 d at or near ends 298 a-298 d of the slots 270 a-270 d. A screw 299 a is then threaded into a threaded bore 299 b in the cover 220 to prevent further rotation of the luminaire 100 and to secure the luminaire 100 to the junction box 290. Further, other ways of securing the luminaire 100 to a junction box may be used. For example, the luminaire 100 of FIG. 14A may be mounted to the junction box 290 with gaskets 275 a, 275 b positioned between the junction box 290 and the mounting plate 274 and between the mounting plate 274 and the cover 220.

As should be evident, the luminaire can be secured to other structures or elements using the mounting plate 274 or another suitable device. The luminaire can be mounted as a single unit, or may be mounted adjacent other luminaries in groups (FIGS. 15-21). Referring to FIG. 15, a luminaire 200 includes a bird guard 202 around the junction box (not shown). FIGS. 16-21 illustrate luminaries 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500, respectively, in various mounting arrangements.

If desired, and as seen in FIG. 13A, the cover 220 may be provided without the central cover portion 127 of the auxiliary frame 122 shown in FIG. 7. In this case the cover 220 may be provided with seal members (not shown) forming a gasket that seals against upper surfaces of the central enclosure 110. Alternatively, if the central cover portion 127 is provided as shown in FIG. 7, a mounting collar (not shown) may be formed therewith or secured thereto. The mounting collar may extend upwardly through. the central opening 129 of the cover 122. The collar may include a threaded radial hole to accept a set screw so that the luminaire may be secured to an overhanging vertical pole end (not shown) that is received in the collar.

Still further, the continuous flexible conductor 203 may be replaced by discontinuous flexible or rigid electrically conductive members. Thus, for example, as seen in FIG. 13, first through fourth circuit boards 340 a-340 d each of which includes the LED elements or modules 105 mounted thereon overlie the channels 130 a-130 d, respectively. In the illustrated embodiment, a further notch 344, an aperture 346, and a channel 348 like the notch 215, the aperture 216, and the channel 218 is provided diametrically opposite to channel 218 such that the channel 348 extends through the arm 126 c of the auxiliary frame 322. Corner connectors 342 a and 342 b disposed in the nesting portion 324 a and 324 c may be provided to facilitate connection to the operating circuitry 112 in the central enclosure 110. Further corner electrical connectors (not shown) may be disposed and retained within the nesting portions 324 b and 324 d, respectively, and interconnect adjacent circuit boards 340 a, 340 b and 340 c, 340 d, respectively. In this arrangement, equal numbers of different circuit board and connector configurations can be produced and installed, as opposed to unequal numbers of different components, possibly leading to decreased fabrication costs. In another embodiment, electrical power may be supplied by wires extending from the central enclosure 110 through a single channel of the auxiliary frame 122, as described in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 4 and 7. In this case, corner electrical connectors 342 a, 342 b, and 342 c are disposed and retained within the nesting portions 124 a, 124 b, and 124 c and interconnect adjacent circuit boards 340 a, 340 b and 340 h, 340 c and 340 c, 340 d, respectively. The circuit boards 340 a and 340 b are interconnected by a corner electrical connector 352 a identical to the corner electrical connectors 342 a, 342 b and disposed and retained within the nesting portion 124 a.

If desired, the upstanding bottom walls 116 a-7 through 116 d-7 and the base surfaces 116 a-8 through 116 d-8 of the main frame 114 may be omitted and channel members 400 a-400 d (FIG. 13) may be substituted therefor that receive the bottom ends 104 a-3 through 104 d-3 of the waveguides 104 a-104 d, respectively. Ends 400 a-1 and 400 a-2 of the channel member 400 a are slid into and are retained within bottom portions of the side channels 116 a-5 and 116 a-6. In like fashion the channel members 400 h, 400 c, and 400 d are retained within the side channels 116 b-5 and 116 b-6, 116 c-5 and 116 c-6, and 116 d-5 and 116 d-6.

In summary, the plurality of waveguides is disposed on the housing. A flex conductor or circuit boards are placed adjacent the top edges of the waveguides and the flex conductor or circuit boards are enclosed by a cover that acts as a heat sink.

The housing and lid along with an integrated seal join the four (or a different number of) waveguides that make up the sides of the luminaire and integrate the enclosure for the power supply, sensor, operating circuits, and wire connection area. The continuous flex conductor or circuit boards present the LEDs to the waveguide coupling members, and avoids the need for wire harnesses at each corner. This allows for minimal use of materials resulting in a low cost luminaire.

The housing provides a unique aesthetic in which optical waveguides serve as the side walls of the luminaire. Material and costs associated with the luminaire are minimized. The design results in superior lighting with minimal glare. The optic feature of the fixture is integrated into the main housing, which results in a more robust structure and aids in the sealing between components.

The waveguide optics are used in this design to achieve high lumen output with low glare. This is accomplished by directing the light downward at an angle and spreading the illumination across a large area. The light from the LED's is pointed directly into each waveguide as opposed to being bounced off a reflective surface of a reflector (i.e., indirect illumination). This optical solution is more efficient than current indirect systems and allows the glare value to be adjusted by changing the illuminated area.

In an embodiment, each waveguide is made of optical grade acrylic and the LED's are optically coupled to the waveguide using a liquid silicone rubber (“LSR”) member or other member. The LSR is shaped to serve as the entrance geometry for the optical system by directing light from the LED's directly into the waveguide.

If desired, the waveguides (with or without the optical coupling members) may be insert molded with the housing, thereby making the waveguide and housing a singular piece and eliminating the need for seals between the waveguides and the housing. This reduces assembly time and makes for a more robust luminaire structure. In a specific version of the embodiment, a thermoplastic elastomer (“TPE”) seal is molded onto the housing to seal the fixture and protect the LED's and related circuitry from the environment. In yet another embodiment, the TPE seal is molded onto a top plate or lid that is placed on top of the housing.

The housing also includes a mounting plate that adds additional strength to the housing. In an embodiment, the mounting plate is made out of a. metallic material and is molded into the plastic housing to strengthen the area of the fixture where it is mounted. In yet another embodiment, the mounting plate is molded into a plastic cover member or lid.

The luminaire multifunctional housing can be used with several installation options (e.g., pendant, trunnion, junction box, pole), as shown. The housing also results in ease of installation because the center section access is allowed from the top of the luminaire.

In an embodiment, the use of plastic avoids the need for post processing such as painting and the application of other expensive coating systems to protect the luminaire from the environment. In an embodiment, the lid is made out of sheet metal so that it can be used as a heat sink and, therefore, does not require painting or coating, unlike a metal casting. In still another embodiment, the lid can be made of plastic or the sheet metal lid can be overmolded with plastic to create mounting features.

Any of the embodiments disclosed herein may include a power circuit that may further be used with light control circuitry that controls color temperature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein in accordance with viewer input such as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/292,286, filed May 30, 2014, entitled “Lighting Fixture Providing Variable CCT” by Pope et al., now U.S. Pat. No. 10,278,250B2, incorporated by reference herein.

Further, any of the embodiments disclosed herein may include one or more communication components forming a part of the light control circuitry, such as an RF antenna that senses RF energy. The communication components may be included, for example, to allow the luminaire to communicate with other luminaries and/or with an external wireless controller, such as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/782,040, filed Mar. 1, 2013, entitled “Lighting Fixture for Distributed Control” or U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/932,058, filed Jan. 27, 2014, entitled “Enhanced Network Lighting” both owned by the assignee of the present application and the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. More generally, the control circuitry includes at least one of a network component, an RF component, a control component, and a sensor. The sensor may provide an indication of ambient lighting levels thereto and/or occupancy within the illuminated area. Such sensor may be integrated into the light control circuitry and may cause the luminaire to adjust output lighting levels as a function of ambient light levels and/or detected motion.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

In summary, the disclosed luminaire provides an aesthetically pleasing, sturdy, cost effective lighting assembly for use in lighting a large area such as a parking lot or deck of a parking garage. The lighting is accomplished with reduced glare as compared to conventional lighting systems.

The extraction features disclosed herein efficiently extract light out of the waveguide. At least some of the luminaries disclosed herein are particularly adapted for use in installations, such as, replacement or retrofit lamps, outdoor products (e.g., streetlights, high-bay lights, canopy lights), and indoor products (e.g., downlights, troffers, a lay-in or drop-in application, a surface mount application onto a wall or ceiling, etc.) preferably requiring a total luminaire output of at least about 800 lumens or greater, and, in some embodiments, a total luminaire output of at least about 7000 lumens, although the total luminaire output depends in part on the desired application. Further, the luminaries disclosed herein preferably have a color temperature of between about 2500 degrees Kelvin and about 6200 degrees Kelvin, and more preferably between about 2500 degrees Kelvin and about 5000 degrees Kelvin, and most preferably between about 4000 degrees Kelvin and about 5000 degrees Kelvin. Also, at least some of the luminaries disclosed herein preferably exhibit an efficacy of at least about 100 lumens per watt, and more preferably at least about 120 lumens per watt. Further, at least some of the optical coupling members and waveguides disclosed herein preferably exhibit an overall efficiency (i.e., light extracted out of the waveguide divided by light injected into the waveguide) of at least about 90 percent. A color rendition index (CRI) of at least about 70 is preferably attained by at least some of the luminaries disclosed herein, with a CRI of at least about 80 being more preferable. Any desired particular output light distribution, such as a butterfly light distribution, could be achieved, including up and down light distributions or up only or down only distributions, etc.

When one uses a relatively small light source which emits into a broad (e.g., Lambertian) angular distribution (common for LED-based light sources), the conservation of etendue, as generally understood in the art, requires an optical system having a large emission area to achieve a narrow (collimated) angular light distribution. In the case of parabolic reflectors, a large optic is thus generally required to achieve high levels of collimation. In order to achieve a large emission area in a more compact design, the prior art has relied on the use of Fresnel lenses, which utilize refractive optical surfaces to direct and collimate the light. Fresnel lenses, however, are generally planar in nature, and are therefore not well suited to re-directing high-angle light emitted by the source, leading to a loss in optical efficiency. In contrast, in the present invention, light is coupled into the optic, where primarily TIR is used for re-direction and collimation. This coupling allows the full range of angular emission from the source, including high-angle light, to be re-directed and collimated, resulting in higher optical efficiency in a more compact form factor.

In at least some of the present embodiments, the distribution and direction of light within the waveguide is better known, and hence, light is controlled and extracted in a more controlled fashion. In standard optical waveguides, light bounces back and forth through the waveguide. In the present embodiments, light is extracted as much as possible over one pass through the waveguide to minimize losses.

In some embodiments, one may wish to control the light rays such that at least some of the rays are collimated, but in the same or other embodiments, one may also wish to control other or all of the light rays to increase the angular dispersion thereof so that such light is not collimated. In some embodiments, one might wish to collimate to narrow ranges, while in other cases, one might wish to undertake the opposite.

All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.

The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar references in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the disclosure and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the disclosure unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the disclosure.

Numerous modifications to the present disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the foregoing description. It should be understood that the illustrated embodiments are exemplary only, and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the disclosure. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A luminaire, comprising: a frame; a plurality of optical waveguides retained by the frame and bounding a cavity, each of the optical waveguides comprising: a top end and a bottom end opposite the top end; a coupling portion disposed at the top end; an inner side facing the cavity and an outer side opposite the inner side, wherein the inner and outer sides are disposed between the top and bottom ends; at least one light emitting diode (LED) associated with each optical waveguide, each of the LEDs being disposed opposite, and configured to direct light into, the coupling portion of the associated optical waveguide; and wherein each optical waveguide is configured to receive the light via the coupling portion and emit the light primarily from the outer side.
 2. The luminaire of claim 1, wherein the inner side of each of the optical waveguides is configured to prevent at least some of the light received via the coupling portion from escaping the optical waveguide at the inner side by redirecting the at least some of the light back into the optical waveguide.
 3. The luminaire of claim 1, wherein each of the LEDs is enclosed within the frame by a cover configured to transfer heat by thermal conductivity from the LED to an exterior of the luminaire.
 4. The luminaire of claim 3, wherein the cavity is open opposite from the cover.
 5. The luminaire of claim 1, wherein the coupling portion of each of the optical waveguides comprises refractive and reflective portions that are arranged to collimate and direct the light into the top end of the optical waveguide.
 6. The luminaire of claim 1, wherein each of the optical waveguides tapers from the top end towards the bottom end.
 7. The luminaire of claim 1, wherein the inner side of each optical waveguide faces the inner side of another of the optical waveguides.
 8. The luminaire of claim 1, wherein to emit the light primarily from the outer side, the inner side of each of the optical waveguides comprises light extraction features configured to direct the light primarily toward the outer side, and the outer side comprises scalloped features configured to spread the light up and down as the light is emitted.
 9. The luminaire of claim 1, further comprising: a central enclosure connected to the frame and extending into the cavity; and operating circuitry electrically connected to the LEDs and retained in the central enclosure, wherein the operating circuitry is configured to supply power to the LEDs.
 10. The luminaire of claim 9, wherein: the central enclosure comprises an opening exposed to the cavity; the operating circuitry comprises a sensor supported in the opening; the sensor is configured to sense ambient light level and vary an illumination level of the luminaire in accordance with the sensed ambient light level.
 11. The luminaire of claim 1, wherein each of the optical waveguides further comprises an end light extraction feature adjacent to the bottom end and configured to increase the light emitted from the optical waveguide on a single pass of the light through the optical waveguide.
 12. The luminaire of claim 11, wherein the end light extraction feature of each optical waveguide comprises a wedge-shaped protrusion on the inner side, and a wedge-shaped channel on the outer side.
 13. The luminaire of claim 1, further comprising a mounting plate opposite an open end of the cavity.
 14. The luminaire of claim 1, further comprising a respective circuit board corresponding to each optical waveguide, wherein the LEDs associated with each optical waveguide are mounted to the circuit board corresponding to the optical waveguide.
 15. An optical waveguide comprising: a top end and a bottom end opposite the top end; a coupling portion disposed at the top end and configured to direct light into the top end; an outer side disposed between the top and bottom ends, wherein the outer side is configured to emit most of the light directed into the top end by the coupling portion; an inner side opposite the inner side and between the top and bottom ends, wherein the inner side comprises light extraction features configured to direct at least a portion of the light received via the coupling portion primarily towards the outer side; an end light extraction feature adjacent to the bottom end and configured to increase the emission of the light by the outer side that occurs on a single pass of the light directed into the top end through the optical waveguide.
 16. The optical waveguide of claim 15, wherein to direct the light into the top end, the coupling portion comprises refractive and reflective portions that are arranged to collimate the light.
 17. The optical waveguide of claim 15, wherein the optical waveguide tapers from the top end towards the bottom end.
 18. The optical waveguide of claim 15, wherein the outer side comprises scalloped features configured to spread the light up and down as the light is emitted.
 19. The optical waveguide of claim 15, wherein the end light extraction feature comprises a wedge-shaped protrusion on the inner side, and a wedge-shaped channel on the outer side.
 20. A method of assembling a luminaire, the method comprising: inserting an optical waveguide into a frame of the luminaire such that: a primary light emitting surface of the optical waveguide faces away from a cavity of the luminaire; a surface of the optical waveguide configured to redirect light toward the primary light emitting surface is adjacent to the cavity; a bottom end of the optical waveguide is inserted into the frame before a top end of the optical waveguide; a coupling cavity disposed at the top end of the optical waveguide is exposed; mounting at least one light emitting diode (LED) into the frame of the luminaire such that the at least one LED is configured to direct light toward the coupling cavity of the optical waveguide; sealing a cover onto the frame over the at least one LED and the optical waveguide. 